Clayton J. Purnell
mayor · active 1899–1902
Mayor of Ocean City for the 1900-1902 term, presiding over the turn-of-the-century town of a few hundred year-round residents as the beachfront began acquiring its first boardwalk-era fixtures.
In the record (17)
1892 · 1892-03-31
Maryland charters the Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company all over again — $400,000, five years to cut an inlet, and half the bottom of three bays as the prize.
Chapter 265 of the Acts of 1892, approved March 31, incorporated Clayton J. Purnell, George M. Upshur, Frank A. Furst, Martin Wagner, James S. Woodside and George T. Gambrill as the Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company of Worcester County, "for the purpose of constructing an inlet or a canal for the salting [of the] Isle of Wight, Assawoman and Synepuxent Bays." Capital stock $400,000 in $25 shares, with power to issue up to $400,000 of six per cent bonds. Section 7 empowered the company "to cut, dig and make a canal or inlet, of any width or depth it may deem necessary or proper, at some point on the eastern border of Worcester County, either north or south of Ocean City, and not less than two miles distant therefrom," reciting that the bays "have from the closing of inlets formerly existing, been for many years past unhealthy fresh water and unfit for the natural growth and the cultivation of oysters." In payment the State granted the company one-half of the beds of all three bays — patented by the Commissioner of the Land Office only once the inlet was cut and only for so long as it was kept open. Tolls were capped at three cents a ton and had to end after twenty years, and section 15 made every grant conditional "that the above mentioned canal shall be completed in the space of five years."
Eight years after the first charter and six after its two-year extension, the same scheme comes back with the same $400,000 and a new set of names. Nobody cut anything. The ocean did it in 1933, for free.
Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company of Worcester County
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1893 · 1893-09-06
The First Circuit judicial convention sits at Ocean City for a week, takes 4,400 ballots, and gives up without naming a judge.
The Democratic convention of the First Judicial Circuit — Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico and Dorchester counties — convened at Ocean City on Wednesday September 6, 1893. Snow Hill sent a crowd down "by the sea" on the 6th to push Clayton J. Purnell for the nomination: "they know Worcester needs a resident Judge." It did not work, and neither did anything else. "After nearly a week's session the Democratic convention of the first judicial circuit [took] a recess yesterday afternoon until the 21st of September," the wire reported on September 13. "Forty-four hundred ballots have been taken for a judge and the end is not yet at hand. All the delegates have returned to their homes in the same frame of mind in which they came." Ocean City had done this before — a judicial convention balloted 134 times there in 1885, and the 1890 congressional convention needed 199 ballots — but 4,400 is a different order of stubbornness, and it kept the beach's hotels full into the third week of September. — 1893 FULL PASS, 2026-08-11 [confirmed]: Corroborated from three papers outside Worcester County, with a running ballot count that shows how the deadlock built: the Prince George's Enquirer of 8 September reports the convention 'assembled at Ocean city and after casting 179 ineffectual ballots, adjourned until Thursday'; St. Mary's Beacon of 14 September, 'Three thousand unvarying ballots have been cast in the Ocean City judiciary convention. There is as yet no signs of an agreement. The plan to adjourn has been defeated'; and the Bel Air Aegis & Intelligencer of 15 September, 'The convention of the First Judicial Circuit, after casting 4,000 ballots at Ocean City, without making nominations, adjourned until the 21st instant.' The Messenger's 4,400 is the end of that curve, not a rival figure.
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1894 · 1894-09-01
The whole of Fenwick's Island is auctioned at the Atlantic Hotel, Ocean City — advertised on the strength of a canal that had not been dug.
By a decree of the Circuit Court for Worcester County in Hickman v. Gum and Du Pont (Chancery Docket No. 1456), trustees Clayton J. and George W. Purnell offered "all those tracts, pieces or parcels of land comprising all the lands known and called by the name of 'Fenwicks Island' and lying in Isle of Wight Bay and surrounded by the waters of said bay and its tributary streams and the Atlantic Ocean" at public sale "at the Atlantic Hotel, Ocean City Maryland, on SATURDAY, September 1st '94, At 11 o'clock A. M." A memorandum records that an 1872 survey by George A. Jones and B. Frank Waggaman put "the whole property in Delaware and Maryland, known as 'Fenwicks Island' and the islands adjacent thereto" at twelve hundred acres more or less, including land covered by water. The selling point is the waterway: "The property described is situate on the projected waterway from the Delaware Bay to the Synepuxent Bay, which is expected to give Philadelphia inside waterway communication with the Synepuxent Bay and its tributaries. The United States Government is appropriating money for this purpose, the Canal having already been opened to Indian River by Government aid." Terms were ten per cent cash, the balance in two equal instalments at six and twelve months.
A twelve-hundred-acre barrier island, sold in a hotel lobby at Ocean City, on the promise of a canal. The price it fetched is not in the paper — which is the annoying half of the find.
Source · checked 2026-08-11
1894 · 1894-09-08
Two and a half years after its recharter, the county paper reports the Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company as newly incorporated — with canals, not one inlet, and 40,000,000 bushels of oysters a year.
The Messenger of 8 September 1894, in its local-news column: "The Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company of Worcester county, has been incorporated with a capital of $400,000, for the purpose of planting and developing oyster beds about the Isle of Wight and Assawoman and Sinepuxent bays. It is proposed to construct canals from the ocean to these bays and by the current of salt water thus produced to make available for oyster grounds an area of about 75 square miles or 48,000 acres, capable of accomodating an annual oyster crop of 40,000,000 bushels. The incorporators of the company are Clayton J. Purnell, George M. Upshur, Frank A. Furst, Martin Wagner, Jas. Woodside and George T. Gambrill." The incorporators are exactly those named in Chapter 265 of the Acts of 1892, approved 31 March 1892, and the capital is the same $400,000.
The item is the only trace of this company anywhere in 206 pages of the county paper for 1894, and it is not a report of work — it is a report of paperwork. The charter's own five-year clock, running from March 1892, had thirty months left when this was printed. Whether the company was only now organising under the 1892 act or the paper was two years late in noticing, the notice is written in the future tense about canals, plural, and an oyster crop of forty million bushels, and nothing was dug.
Isle of Wight Inlet and Oyster Planting Company of Worcester County
Source · checked 2026-08-11
1899
September 1899 closes the best season yet with a building list: a county school for the resort's growing year-round children, two family hotels, several Baltimore and Washington houses on Atlantic Avenue, and a new railway terminus.
The Democratic Messenger of 23 September: "The prosperous months of July and August, with a bright outlook for September, are guarantees for an enlargement of the interests of Ocean City, Md., for another year. Important developments are already determined upon. The purchasers of the Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Railroad will make great improvements at its terminus. The county will build a large and handsome school for the growing resident population of the little city. Two family hotels and a number of large boarding houses are to be put up at once, and several wealthy parties from Baltimore and Washington are to have handsome houses on Atlantic avenue." One of those houses is specified in the same issue: Clayton J. Purnell's new cottage on the corner of North Division Street and Baltimore Avenue, plans by Charles S. Powell of Berlin, "to be completed before Christmas," with a tower on the corner. The B.C.&A. had already asked the town in April for a suitable site near its Baltimore Avenue station for a "fine terminal," "providing the city government will make it possible for them to secure a suitable location." — 1899 FULL PASS, 2026-08-11 [confirmed]: One item on the promise list can now be partly answered. On 4 November 1899 the county school commissioner was 'at St Martins Neck and Ocean City inspecting the new school houses at these places' — so a new school house at Ocean City existed six weeks after the September paragraph promised one. Add fact:1899-new-school-house-at-ocean-city-inspected to relatedFactRefs. The two family hotels and the railway terminus remain unanswered.
Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic RailwayPennsylvania Railroad Company
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1899
Ocean City sues its own railroad for unpaid taxes and wins in the Court of Appeals — and the State promptly uses the ruling to claim $60,000 from the same company.
The Democratic Messenger of 18 March 1899 reported the decision: "Judge Briscoe rendered the opinion in the suit brought by the mayor and city council of Ocean City against the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company to recover certain taxes alleged to be due and unpaid by the defendant company … The principal question presented by the appeal is whether the property formerly owned by the Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroad in Ocean City, and now owned by the appellant company, is exempt from taxation, under section 2 of chapter 133 of the acts of 1886. The court says: 'We are of the opinion that the property of the defendant company … is liable for taxation, and, for the reasons we have given, the court committed no error in rejecting the appellant's prayers, so the judgment will be affirmed.'" The Messenger returned to it on 26 August under the head "Claims $60,000 Taxes": the old Eastern Shore Railroad had been exempt under its charter, the new owners "refused to pay taxes to the city authorities of Ocean City," the suit "was instituted by Mayor C. J. Purnell, and Councilmen Powell, Dennis and Adkins and resulted in a verdict in their favor, by the Court of Appeals," and State Tax Collector Parlett was now claiming $60,000 in state taxes on the strength of it, against the company's attorney's denial.
A resort of a few hundred winter residents took the railway that made it to Maryland's highest court, and beat it — and Annapolis then followed the town through the door it had opened.
Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic RailwayWicomico and Pocomoke RailroadThe Commissioners of Ocean CityJames Z. PowellDavid J. Adkins
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1899 · 1899-06-05
Mayor James Z. Powell resigns at a council meeting on 5 June 1899, Clayton J. Purnell is elected in his place — and Powell then takes a seat on the council he had just chaired.
The Democratic Messenger of 10 June 1899: "At a meeting of the city council of Ocean City held last Monday Mr. James Z. Powell, then mayor, resigned and Clayton J. Purnell, Esq., was unanimously elected to succeed him. Mr. Powell was afterwards elected a member of the city council vice Mr. Cornelius Collins resigned." The Delaware Gazette and State Journal of 15 June carried it independently in its Maryland column: "Clayton J. Purnell has been elected mayor of Ocean City, vice James Z. Powell, resigned … James Z. Powell has been elected a councilman at Ocean City, succeeding Cornelius F. Collin, resigned." By August the county paper was calling him "Mayor C. J. Purnell" as a matter of course, and naming his council alongside him — Powell, Dennis and Adkins. The Maryland Manual's mayors list dates Purnell's term from 1900; the contemporary press puts him in the chair from June 1899. — 1899 FULL PASS, 2026-08-11 [confirmed]: Confirmed word for word from a second, independent filming of the Democratic Messenger of 10 June 1899 held by the Worcester County Library, which reads 'vice Mr. Cornelius Coftin resigned' where Chronicling America reads 'Collins' — the Delaware Gazette's 'Cornelius F. Collin' remains the best reading of the retiring councilman's name. No new evidence bears on the Maryland Manual conflict, which should stand as recorded.
Purnell succeeded Powell as mayor in June 1899 — a year earlier than the Maryland Manual's list shows.
The Commissioners of Ocean CityJames Z. PowellDavid J. Adkins
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1899 · 1899-12-12
An Ocean City hotel is sold on the courthouse steps at Snow Hill three weeks before the century ends, its owner having defaulted on a February 1898 mortgage.
"ASSIGNEE'S SALE OF VALUABLE HOTEL PROPERTY, AT OCEAN CITY, MD. By virtue of power of sale given in a certain mortgage from George W. Bunting and wife to Clayton J. Purnell and William F. Johnson, the same being dated the eighth day of February, 1898 … default having been made in payment according to the terms of said mortgage and the entire mortgage debt being due and demandable, [the assignee] will … on TUESDAY, December 12, 1899 at the hour of 2.30 o'clock p.m. in front of the Court House door in the town of Snow Hill by public auction for Cash, all that hotel property at Ocean City, Md., now occupied by the said George W. Bunting." — WILLIAM F. JOHNSON, Assignee. A good season for the town's big owners was not a good season for everyone in it. — 1899 FULL PASS, 2026-08-11 [corrected]: THE HOTEL IS NAMED. The assignee's sale advertisement reads in full: "all that hotel property at Ocean City, Md., now occupied by the said George W. Bunting, the same being known as the 'ORIENTAL HOTEL.'" The name is legible on the page image and is present in the Worcester County Library portal's OCR of the same page; it is lost only in the Chronicling America filming, which is why the 1899 pass recorded it as unrecoverable. Add: the mortgage is of record in Worcester County land records Liber F.H.P. No. 10, folios 392 and 396; the solicitors are Purnell & Johnson; the sale was for cash at 2.30 p.m. on Tuesday 12 December 1899 in front of the Court House door at Snow Hill. Confidence should move from unverified to verified.
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1900 · 1900-07-28
Ocean City gets a fenced ball ground with a grand stand — and its first sporting scandal, a stone-throwing riot at Berlin.
"The baseball grounds are now complete," the town's July column reported. "A high fence surrounds it, a grand stand and the bleachers. The Berlin team has been engaged to meet all comers." The Evening Star's correspondent had the opening date: on the Fourth of July "the new athletic park will be formally opened with two games of base ball," the Atlantic Hotel following with an elaborate dinner, fireworks and a ball. Three weeks later the fixture went wrong. On 28 July a train was chartered to carry three hundred Washingtonians the three miles to Berlin for a match — leaving Ocean City at 2:05, arriving at 2:30 — and "before the first hit was made the real battle royal was begun." The Star's account blames the visitors: "the pretty society girls of the beach were guying the Berliners 'to beat the band,' which greatly aggravated and tormented the farmer boys." Two Washington players were arrested; the constable and the police officer "were soon overpowered by the friends of those arrested, and were compelled to retreat to a place of safety"; women fainted, and "those who had the proper nerve participated in the stone and shell battle." A special train ran the party back to the beach three hours early. Then the coda that makes it a municipal fact: "The authorities of Berlin telegraphed to the authorities of Ocean City to hold the two young men who were under arrest, but the Ocean City mayor telephoned back his refusal."
Ocean City's first recorded athletic park lasted twenty-four days before it produced an inter-town riot, and the mayor's answer to Berlin's extradition request came by telephone.
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1900 · 1900-10-03
The council votes unanimously to bond the town for water works — Ocean City's first documented municipal capital project.
From an Ocean City dispatch of 3 October 1900: "The Ocean City Council met today to take action on the important question of bonding the town for water works. It was unanimously resolved to take immediate steps to have water works put in, to be completed on or before the first day of June next. Fully 90 per cent of the taxpayers indorse the improvement." The power had been sitting on the books for two years: the 1898 charter (Ch. 528) authorised $30,000 in bonds for water and sewerage. This is the answer, so far as 1900 gives one, to the question of what the town spent its own money on — water, on a deadline set by the opening of the next season, and not the board walk. No 1900 source in the corpus records any town appropriation, contract, ordinance or subscription for the walk itself. The council's other recorded act of the year was an appointment: "Cyrus Purnell has been appointed chief of police at Ocean City" (late June, in time for the season). Mayor Clayton J. Purnell presided over the town in this year; the Maryland Manual dates his term from 1900, the contemporary press from a council vote of 5 June 1899.
Ninety per cent of the taxpayers for it, a completion date set by the summer season, and the whole thing resolved in one meeting. Small towns could move.
The Commissioners of Ocean City
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1901
No municipal election is recorded at Ocean City in 1901 - and the town's own government leaves almost no trace in a year of 3,115 pages.
Ocean City's mayor through 1901 was Clayton J. Purnell, and no election, no council meeting, no ordinance, no levy and no appointment is reported anywhere in the 3,115 Chronicling America pages read for this year. The one glimpse of the corporation acting is the day after the April fire, when "the city council employed men and all day they poured ocean water over the smouldering ruins." The silence has a structural cause: the Snow Hill Democratic Messenger, which carried the town's council news, has no digitised issues at all for 1900 or 1901 in Chronicling America, and the Worcester County Library's own portal holds none either. It also has a legal shape - Chapter 569 of 1902 moved the town election to the first Monday in August "in 1902, and in every second year thereafter", which is consistent with 1901 having had no election to report. Recorded as an absence measured across a named corpus, not as a finding that nothing happened.
Unverified — sourced but not confirmed against a primary record.
The Commissioners of Ocean City
Source · checked 2026-08-11
1901
Washington developer John F. Waggaman is credited with beautifying Ocean City "at great expense" — a year before he becomes its mayor.
A July 1901 profile of Washington's Waggaman brothers, quoted in the Suburban Citizen of July 13, 1901, singles out John F. Waggaman as 'a large real estate owner' who 'originated features of great attraction' at Ocean City, 'which he has beautified at great expense, and which is one of the most desirable summer resorts around any of the cities of the Union.' The paper adds that the resort's 'beauty and other attractive features are wholly the result of lavish expenditures of cash by Mr. Waggaman,' and that 'through the efforts... of the numerous influential men who have purchased property there, low excursion rates are made over all lines.' The Waggaman family had donated the lots for St. Paul's by-the-Sea in 1898; John F. Waggaman succeeded Clayton J. Purnell (mayor 1900-02) as Ocean City's mayor in 1902.
St. Paul's by-the-Sea Episcopal ChurchJohn F. Waggaman
Source · checked 2026-08-05
1902 · 1902-08-04
On 4 August 1902 Ocean City elected John F. Waggaman — owner of the Atlantic Hotel and most of the plat — mayor of the town he already owned.
The Democratic Messenger's Ocean City column of 26 July announced the first election under the new charter: "On Monday, the 4th of August, we will have an election for Mayor and City Council, and there is already considerable interest and feeling being manifested in the matter. One ticket has been placed in the field headed by John F. Waggaman, for Mayor, with Captain Ludlum, James Z. Powell, John D. Showell, Calvin B. Taylor and Thomas Crow[ell] ..." — five councilmen, exactly as Ch. 569 required. The paper's state-news column of 9 August reported the result in one line: "An election for mayor and city council of Ocean City was carried by the ticket headed by Mr. John F. Waggaman for mayor." The Maryland Manual dates his term 1902-1903 and gives Clayton J. Purnell 1900-1902; Purnell was still being called mayor in the county paper in late May 1902, which fits.
A proprietor-mayor. Waggaman had owned the ocean front since 1897, driven the town's first jetties in 1898 and been credited with beautifying the place in 1901; in 1902 the legislature widened the franchise to non-resident property owners and the property owner took the chair.
John F. WaggamanJames Z. PowellJohn D. ShowellChristopher LudlamCalvin B. Taylor
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1902 · 1902-09-04
Both parties nominated their First District congressional candidates at Ocean City in 1902, a week apart — Republicans on 28 August, Democrats on 4 September.
The Republicans of Maryland's First Congressional District met at Ocean City on Thursday 28 August and renominated Congressman William H. Jackson. The Messenger, a Democratic paper, was sour about it: "It was a very large and enthusiastic convention, made so by the leaders in the various counties, who were instructed that it would be necessary to make a big showing at Ocean City to impress the people of the First Congressional District of the popularity of their candidate ... The colored delegate was very much in evidence, as he always is." The Democratic convention followed at Ocean City on Thursday 4 September, called by district chairman Col. John P. Moore of Snow Hill; Worcester's delegates (Edgar W. McMaster, Clayton J. Purnell, W. Lee Carey and Samuel J. Twilley) were instructed for Moore, who declined at the county convention and asked to be sent unpledged. The Ocean City convention nominated James E. Ellegood of Wicomico County, and Salisbury turned out with a band that night to congratulate him at his house on Division Street. EXPANDED: the Republican convention is confirmed to 28 August 1902 by the Delaware Gazette's Ocean City dispatch — renominated "with a standing vote, after which three cheers were given," the convention "practically a cut and dried affair" since every county had instructed its delegates.
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1903 · 1903-03-14
The Ocean City life-saving crew charges its keeper with neglect, liquor at the station and a punitive Christmas Eve — Washington sends a judge, takes ten days of testimony, and keeps Capt. Dunton in post.
Democratic Messenger, 14 March 1903: "There seems to be a considerable scrap on between the Captain of the Ocean City Life Saving Station and the crew of the same. Lawyer Clayton J. Purnell as the representative of Dunton and William G. Kerbin representing the crew have been at Ocean City for the past ten days engaged in examining witnesses for the belligerents. The men charge Captain Dunton with neglect of duty, ungentlemanly conduct toward the crew, keeping liquor at the station and with compelling them to perform unnecessary duties last Christmas eve. In regard to the last charge Captain Dunton claims that the men were intoxicated and what he did was for the good of the men and the service. The whole affair is to be regretted." The outcome came on 11 April: "The surfmen's charges against Keeper Dunton, of Ocean City L. S. S., which were under investigation for ten days by Judge Summers, who was sent from Washington by the Life Saving [Service] to take the testimony at Ocean City, have been passed upon with the result that the keeper has been retained." Dunton had been keeper since at least 1892 and was still in post in September 1903. The town's ex-mayor defended him; the crew's lawyer was the same William G. Kerbin who a year earlier had been on the other side of the town's business.
United States Life-Saving ServiceCapt. Joshua J. DuntonWilliam G. Kerbin
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1906
Ocean City lots in 1906: $200 for a bare corner on Baltimore Avenue, $1,060 for oceanfront next to the Life-Saving Station.
The Worcester County real-estate transfer column gives a run of 1906 Ocean City prices. In March, John D. Showell bought from Elizabeth R. Talty et al. a lot "situate in Ocean City, fronting on Atlantic Avenue and immediately north of the Government Life Saving Station" for $1,060. In February, Daniel Trimper, Jr. bought from Edward M. and Elizabeth M. Scott a lot with improvements on Caroline Street for $1,200. In November, Clayton J. Purnell bought from Joshua J. Dunton — the Ocean City life-saving keeper — the vacant lot at Baltimore Avenue and North Division Street for $200, and announced he would "erect thereon a two story house before next summer"; the same column records Robert L. Purnell buying the lot at the south-east corner of Baltimore Avenue and Caroline Street from the Markoes for $500, and Joshua J. Dunton buying a lot in or near Ocean City on the Sinepuxent Beach from Joseph C. S. Blackburn, Trustee. In January, Mary L. Dean bought a piece of ground with buildings in Ocean City from Katherine E. Malone for $6,500 and William B. S. Powell a tract in Ocean City on Synepuxent Beach for $1,400, while William J. Quillin, Jr. paid $375 for a house and lot at Talbot Street and St. Louis Avenue. And in December, William B. S. Powell bought from Joshua J. Dunton and wife a lot with buildings "in or near Ocean City, on the Sinepuxent Beach" for $1,000, while Edward M. Scott bought a lot with buildings on Sinepuxent Beach from the Ocean City Development Company for a nominal consideration.
John D. ShowellDaniel W. Trimper, Jr.Capt. Joshua J. DuntonJoseph C. S. BlackburnWilliam B. S. Powell
Source · checked 2026-08-06
1934 · 1934-12-24
The town secretary sat down and wrote out every mayor Ocean City had ever had — 1892 to 1934, on one page
On 24 December 1934, on Mayor and Council letterhead, secretary and treasurer J. M. Mumford typed a circular beginning: 'I occasionly have an inquiry as to who had served our city as Mayor and their election. So thinking probally others might be interested I have carefully gone over our old records and listed the names and years each served.' What follows is the town's own succession list: three commissioners elected 2 May 1892 — John F. Waggamon, William C. Franklin and William B. Wilson, with Wilson president of the board and Franklin secretary-treasurer; then Wilson elected mayor 7 May 1894; George M. Upshur 1 May 1896; James Z. Powell 1 August 1898; Clayton J. Purnell 6 August 1900; John F. Waggamon 1902, 'Resigned Oct. 20th 1903 remainder of term filled by Capt. Cristropher Ludlam'; Ludlam 1904 and 1906; W. Lee Carey 3 August 1908 and 1 August 1910; William B. S. Powell 1912 and 3 August 1914; Capt. John B. Jones 7 August 1916; Edward M. Scott 5 August 1918; E. E. Collins 2 August 1920; 'William C. McCabe served to Sept 1934'; and 'Aug. 6th 1934 William T. Elliott, 2 years.' The document survives because Mumford filed a copy in the minute book, where it sits as the last item of the 1934 record.
The most useful thing in the 1934 minute book is not a decision at all. It is a clerk answering the same question often enough that he finally wrote the answer down — and in doing so he left the campaign a primary-source succession list for forty-two years of a town whose own books were supposed to have been mutilated in 1896.
John M. MumfordWilliam W. McCabeW. Lee CareyWilliam B. S. PowellEdward M. ScottElbridge E. CollinsJames Z. PowellJohn F. Waggaman
Source · checked 2026-08-11